Company Law - See attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organization Law - See connection - Essay Example 1 Liquidation can deliberate or even obligatory. It is supposed to be intentional when it is started by the desire of the organization through a goals of the value holders. It is supposed to be necessarily completed when the request for the court turns into the reason for the ending up of the organization. 2 more or less, there are two fundamental sorts of Liquidation methodology whose nature is clarified in detail underneath: Voultary Winding Up In this sort of liquidation the organization goes on to enthusiastically wrap up the issues of the organization and circulate the advantages of the organization in the wake of taking care of the liabilities of the organization. ... nding up Creditors’ willful twisting up is ordinarily because of the organization getting indebted and unfit to take care of its liabilities at the appropriate time and the organization is scrutinized by the leasers so as to forestall further obligations gathering and to get the due liabilities through the acknowledgment of the advantages of the organization in a procedure of liquidation. 3 Compulsory Winding up This sort of wrapping up happens when the organization is requested to be ended up by a request for the court. There are various possible methods of this technique to found anyway the most broad one is through the appeal recorded by the loan bosses on the contention that the organization can't take care of its liabilities at the appropriate time and since it has not been considered prone to show up at a willful concurrence on liquidation, the mandatory twisting up by means of the court is established. The idea of the obligatory twisting up is with the end goal that the organization goes under the procedure of liquidation under a request from the court on grounds of failure to pay the obligations or where the organization has certain going concern issues which can't be settled through an effective medical procedure of the company’s undertakings or the arrangement of money inflows or bailouts where the organization might have the option to reestablish the parity of its issue on the positive side.4 However, a solicitation to get a leave to arraign an organization which is by and large necessarily twisted up might be made to the Court who provided the request for ending up of the organization. Results of Winding up When an organization goes into liquidation, for the most part because of the mandatory wrapping up process there is typically a reason for failure to pay its obligations whereby the organization needs to confront certain outcomes during and after the liquidation and the casualties of those outcomes are basically investors, workers a nd even

The takeover of HBOS

The takeover of HBOS Presentation Mergers and acquisitions have become the most every now and again utilized strategies for development for organizations in the twenty first century. These days the data about mergers and acquisitions (MA) can be seen each day in papers, web, TV MA can abruptly turn into a hotly debated issue at anyones work environment in light of the fact that their organization will converge with another. There are numerous sides to a MA exchange key, lawful, budgetary, and innovative to completing an arrangement. One significant component to each arrangement is the human component, this ought to consistently be remembered. We will assess the difficulties looked by the administration of the new association as far as Human Resource Management (HRM) concerning the ongoing takeover of Halifax Bank of Scotland (HBOS) by Lloyds TSB in September 2008. The assessment will incorporate the job of HRM in dissecting the Lloyds TSBs choice to make a takeover offer for HBOS, how this investigation identified wi th Culture, Conflict and Change inside the association and potential situations confronting Lloyds TSBs partners. Foundation and reason for the takeover of HBOS by Lloyds TSB Foundation On 17 September 2008, soon after the destruction of Lehman Brothers, HBOSs share cost endured wild changes somewhere in the range of 88p and 220p per share, which lost practically a large portion of its reasonable worth in the week, regardless of the Financial Services Authoritys affirmations with respect to its liquidity and introduction to the more extensive credit crunch. Be that as it may, on 18 September 2008 the details of the suggested proposal for HBOS by Lloyds TSB were reported. The two loan specialists additionally uncovered designs to raise a joined  £17 billion under an administration supported recapitalisation program planned for fortifying the UK banking parts capital stores. The administration supported the arrangement utilizing an uncommon national intrigue provision in light of the fact that a breakdown of HBOS would have disastrously affected the UK. On 16 January 2009 the Lloyds TSB obtaining of HBOS was finished after conclusive court endorsement and Lloyds TSB was renamed Lloyds Banking Group plc. Motivation behind the takeover: The proposed obtaining of HBOS would join two amazing money related organizations, and would be another critical and positive advance on our excursion to give significant advantages and incentive to clients and investors the same. Difficulties looked by HRM in MA Hierarchical Behavior Model Because of the subsequent weight for the MA to succeed, the administration of the new association is compelled to discover new methodologies just as assess the extra difficulties confronted. To address the topic of how well the administration performed during the coordinating action, it is valuable to take a gander at interior components utilizing the McKinsey 7-S structure. This structure was created in the mid 1980s by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman. The essential reason of the model is that there is a system which maps a heavenly body of interrelated variables that impact an associations capacity to change. The McKinsey 7-S model includes seven associated factors which are classified as either hard or delicate components: Hard components are simpler to characterize or recognize and the board can straightforwardly impact them: these are procedure proclamations; association diagrams and revealing lines; and formal procedures and IT frameworks. Delicate components, then again, can be progressively hard to portray, they are not so much substantial but rather more explicitly identified with HRM. These delicate components are as significant as the hard components. A traditionalist gauge is that generally 10% of individuals at work at any one time are legitimately influenced by changes of this sort. In addition, another 30% are firmly identified with those encountering mix related strains and injury (Buono and Bowditch, 2003). These figures show how the basic difficulties looked by the executives in each MA relate explicitly to HRM. The organization that successfully addresses individuals related issues in advance and all through coordination will have a superior possibility of succeeding and picking up the upper hand it looks for. The difficulties looked by the executives in term of HRM in MA. The HRM issues in the MA can be characterized in two stages; the pre-MA stage and the post MA stage. HRM ought to be included from the earliest starting point and all through all phases of the MA procedure. Due industriousness is significant in the principal stage while coordination issues take the front seat in the later stage, including: Social conflicts: Every association has an alternate allowance of faith based expectations and worth frameworks. The introduction to another culture during the MA prompts a mental state called culture stun. Different societies can deliver sentiments of threatening vibe and huge inconvenience which can bring down the dedication and collaboration with respect to the workers, along these lines post-merger social conflicts are frequently accused for frustrating MA results. As indicated by Anders Spilling and Jarle Hã ¸ien, directors in BearingPoints Business Strategy and Transformation pratice, there are five zones of social clash: Administration: each companys initiative style can appear to be exceptional. At the point when post-MA senior pioneers sitting at a similar table propel their staffs and resolve clashes in assorted manners the subsequent rubbing frequently makes extra dangers. Instances of these dangers could be an absence of duty to new organization objectives or a significant level of turnover among key representative gatherings. Administration: powerful corporate administration requires considerably more than a framework to ensure partner interests. It must include the manner in which choices are made in each piece of the organization and across associations. One issue that generally emerges is the discussion about whether the new association ought to embrace one merger accomplices administration demonstrate or characterize an alternate model. Correspondence: Attitudes about classification, inclinations for formal versus casual channels and the recurrence of interchanges may all become an integral factor. By envisioning these dangers well ahead of time, the procuring companys authority can create correspondence strategies that best help the merger targets. Business process: most organizations have unmistakable methods of creating, refreshing and implementing center business forms which must be comprehended and regarded during the combination stage. On the off chance that adjustments in center business forms are not intentionally and fundamentally considered during the joining stage, associations face the danger of inner breakdowns and disappointments in conveyance of items and administrations to clients. Execution the board and prize frameworks: new association ought to incorporate endeavors to blend execution guidelines and pay frameworks where conceivable, while clarifying significant contrasts when essential. Recently combined organizations must assist representatives with understanding that their distinctive acknowledgment and prize frameworks are reasonable, regardless of whether not generally uniform over the association. Since social change includes both hard and delicate issues, HRM contemplations will incorporate obvious appearances, for example, key execution markers, correspondence styles, representative connection, just as less unmistakable corporate qualities and suppositions about how an organization works together, for example, how pioneers drive and evaluate results and new association administration model These discoveries have significant ramifications for how associations can envision post-merger social conflicts and tailor authority projects to address their basic roots, at last improving merger achievement rates. Vulnerability employer stability: The MA prompts duplication of specific offices, achieve the overabundance labor and cutting back is, lamentably, an innate outcome. Subsequently discussing MA, the principal set of musings that happen in the psyches of representatives are identified with security of their occupations, changes in assignment, profession way, working in new divisions and dread of working with new groups. The MA additionally changes future open doors for the representatives in the association. A few workers additionally must be migrated or doled out new openings. This may affect the presentation of the workers and cause the association to lose some ability. The gigantic provokes presented by a MA to the HRM are keeping all workers educated regarding every significant choice just as improving viable two-path correspondence by including line directors; guaranteeing an evenhanded and reasonable treatment of representatives and if there should be an occurrence of lay-offs, HRM should offer outplacement administrations and reasonable severance bundles. Every one of these endeavors from HRM can help construct trust, suppress the gossip plant, calm nervousness, center individuals around the business and its prospects and reduce efficiency misfortune. Failure to oversee changes: Frequently there are quick changes in the business condition after MA. Inside HRM will deal with a greater work power, remotely HRMs mechanical relations will be broadened The job of HRM is to rapidly build up a HR intend to lead the procedure for helping the organization to accomplish the cooperative energies it needs. The HRM should completely be set up for the noteworthy job they will play all through the MA procedure. The issues looked by HR experts when supporting the MA are incredibly requesting they require the making of a solitary brought together association with an away from and set of qualities from two gatherings of individuals with various societies. HRM ought to consistently refresh their insight and aptitudes in overseeing, controlling and observing the augmented workforce, HRM need the capacity to adjust to evolving conditions, recognize the issues when they emerge, improving interchanges abilities, make preparing program, disclose new jobs to representatives, execute pressure decrease projects and direction programs, help post merger group building and input helpline for representatives. The issues looked by HR during MA bargains are gigantic, yet unmistakably the way in to the accomplishment of a MA is the administration of individuals. By distinguishing the regular difficulties and discovering arrangements which work for the new association. The estimation of HRM in the MA shou

Best Interview Tip Stop Trying to Impress the Interviewer

Best Interview Tip Stop Trying to Impress the Interviewer You probably have tried your best to pull off that sensational interview appearance, trying to wow your interviewer or impress the seeming almighty interview panel, but things just have not been going the way you expected, and you have been frustrated with your own performance during many recruitment campaigns.Perhaps, you had a great session with the interviewer/s and for some mysterious reason; you never got that call or e-mail telling you that you have been hired…oops. Well, I have some good advice for you and that is â€" stop trying to impress the interviewer.Many candidates should have landed the jobs by just being self-confident, but things start getting complicated in the interview room when they think or make it their sole focus to super-impress the interviewer.On getting to see the reaction that the interviewer is not impressed or looking beyond their awesome social skills as they did not imagine it would be at their rehearsals, they gradually lose self-esteem, begin to fi dget and fade off like an overly told joke.Then the sad reality begins to show its ugly face â€" their opportunity to land the gig is slipping off and their dream job is never coming.So, we thought we’ll put few things together to help you just before you go lose another wonderful opportunity via your splendid rehearsals aimed at impressing the interviewer that do not get the job for you.You know what the interviewer wants to hear and see, now you should learn what the interviewers do not want from their candidates.WHY YOU SHOULD NOT TRY TO IMPRESS THE INTERVIEWERAs I said earlier, as unbelievable as it might sound, it is high time you stopped trying to impress your interviewer. The major side effect of this age-long tactic is that many applicants gradually lose their confidence once it becomes evident that things are not going the way they planned it.An interviewer wants you to be bold and to hold your gun at all time. It shows him or her that you know your stuff rather than putt ing up a selfless and eventual comical display to get them impressed. At the end, you may never get to impress them.You may not absolutely agree to it yet but take it or leave it; an average person knows when you are trying to impress him or her. It becomes obvious and, you seem to have placed yourself on trial already when the real trial is yet to begin!As you may have noticed if you have gone for more than one interview, interviewers have different dispositions and approach. However, one thing is common especially for stern interviewers; they are really hard to please.The task of impressing them becomes even more herculean once they discover that you will say anything or put up any act just to impress them.You probably at this point have lost the battle and they may not be impressed at all. In fact, some will to get you off balance and put you on a hot seat (if you are not sweaty already). Then, the bad jokes set in. You crack them and laugh alone or get the compassionate laughter as consolation.This may make you lose your preparation and start making statements that are a ‘no-no’ for job interviews. Then, you have begun to lose the job. So, ask yourself if it is worth the stress.WHAT GOOD IMPRESSION IS NOTOne of the most important things any job seeker would realize is the need to be polite to all members of staff of the organization and of course, the interviewer.All interviewers look out for this quality as it is a pointer to what attitude they should expect from a potential employee.Thus, Mr. A, an averagely skilled, disciplined and polite applicant will be much preferred over Mr. J, a very skillful and resourceful applicant who is always retorting back, nasty and lacks composure.The reason is obvious. Organizations require interpersonal skills and courtesy as prerequisites for hiring because it will sometimes be crucial to maintaining and landing clients as well as maintaining subordination and discipline in the system. This makes many job seekers n aturally polite and humble at interviews.But guess what? The interviewer is not easily fooled. It is okay to be courteous and very polite in your answers but doing everything to please and being extraordinarily polite may put off your interviewer giving him the impression that you are being tricky and fake.Don’t forget that interviewers were once job applicants. So, your desire and aim to impress them with your ‘extreme’ courtesy may seem like tricks just to land the job. Summarily, be polite but do not overdo it.The other part is showing off. Take the scenario below for an example:Interviewer: So, Mr. A, can you tell me why you should be hired for this position in this company?Mr. A: (smiles, clears his throat and crosses his legs) Are you kidding me right now? Have you taken a good look at my C.V? Well, to answer your question, umm, I don’t know if you have been to the Google Branch in Singapore, or to Seoul or the Samsung Head office in South Africa, I designed their modu le for client assessment and customer service improvement. In fact, they regard me as a wizard and I have the personal contacts of the General Managers at these branches (he smiles again).From this scenario, while the applicant may think he has been able to wow the interviewer and blow him out of the water, a sound interviewer would be put off and the first logical question popping in the interviewer’s mind would be “If you have personal contacts with them, then why are you here?”Showing off often entails undue exaggeration of facts and most times, lies. Stick with the question that was asked. The question asked by the above interviewer centered on the applicant’s ability to function optimally and the unique edge he or she has to deliver what is needed in the office applied for and not the places or companies he has worked with.Employers are always looking for a team-player who knows his/her stuff and not a celebrity.IMPRESS THE INTERVIEWER OR BE SELF-CONFIDENT?Should I aim to please or just be self-confident of my skills? Most job seekers face this dilemma before the interview. With experience and interaction with other interviewers, there will always be preference or candidates who choose the latter. It naturally pleases the interviewer for an applicant to be self-confident.Sadly, most candidates aim to impress the interviewers at the expense of their self-esteem. Let us take a date for example. While a lady would want her date to go out of his way to blow her way out of her mind, a fidgeting or a date that is lacking in self-confidence just because he is trying to impress her would certainly have the odds stacked against him.The same goes for interviewers. If a candidate begins to fidget and lacking in confidence, he/she would create the bad impression on interviewers. Imagine if you discovered in the reaction and the looks on the face of your interviewers that they are not impressed.You will gradually lose the confidence you built for the interview and may begin to fidget. It generally indicates bad performance under pressure. Be confident in yourself. There is no way you can communicate your self-worth if your aim is to please the interviewer.WHAT YOU NEED TO DO BEFORE THE INTERVIEWIn preparing for an interview, there are a few things to do before attending the interview if you want to get a better shot at the job.I thought to include this section to help candidates who want to stop cutting through the corners and cheap means of appealing to the sense of pleasure of the interviewer and want to show that they have what it really takes to get the job.Here are just a few tips:Conduct research on the employer or employing company or organization.Don’t go to every interview with the same old information, update yourself.Conduct research on the hiring manager.Prepare yourself and check for self-confidence.Dress well for the occasion and not to blow the interviewer’s mind with your exclusive fashion taste (except the job requir es such creativity).More tips can be found at this link. WHAT YOU NEED TO DO AT THE INTERVIEWWhilst you have prepared hard and rehearsed well for your interview, there are probably a few things to note about the do’s and dont’s at the interview.Always maintain a good self-esteemNever look down on yourself or assume some other folks are better than you just because they look like it or speak like they do.They are having a good time displaying their self-esteem and you should not feel bad about yourself either. After all, you got the same interview too. So, feel good and be on top of your game.Inspire self-confidenceThere is a need to bring your confidence to the game. Only self-confident people can inspire others to place their trust in them and hire them for positions in their company.“Sell yourself” and not “Impress the Interviewer”This should be your focus at the interview â€" get the interviewers to like what you have to offer in respect of your skills and qualificati ons. Trying to impress the interviewer is cheap and veering off course.Understand that they are looking for an intelligent employee and not a dollDon’t just nod make the interview more formal than the interviewers want it. You are not a robot. Smile when you need to and ask reasonable questions pertaining to the company and its goals when given the opportunity.This shows you are not just interested in the paycheck but also in the growth and development of the organization.Remember, you have to be polite and confidentThis will involve you greeting courteously, shaking hands when offered and not squeezing or snapping fingers. You should also avoid gangster handshakes or swear in or out of the interview rooms.Politely greet and respond to all members and cadres of staff. This is very important as interviewers put these points into consideration. No employer likes a snub as an employee. Be polite and confident. HIGH SELF-ESTEEM IS NOT SHOW-OFFIn case you have been wondering, there is surely a difference between showing off and having a high self-esteem or evaluation. You should know your worth in the labor market and you do not have to be shy about it.Except you are working in for charity or purposely taking a pay cut or offering to do a job lower than your status for reasons best known to you, then you should evaluate yourself highly and make others see the same. This will make the company or organization value you and your skills set. This is quite different from show off.Show off is focusing more on your skills or yourself as an individual than the needs of the organization. Generally, interviewers want you to show them you know your stuff, but this does not eradicate the fact that they also want you to show that you are quite interested in or fascinated by the goals of the organization, believe in their achievability and effectively communicate how your addition can help advance their cause.So, you see, having a high self-evaluation is different from showing off. You should think highly of yourself but not above the organization or your own qualifications.Be very confident in what you can do. An interviewer once said that she had to remind a certain candidate that he was not lucky to be at the interview but considered to merit it.Do not disappoint the people who made the shortlist prematurely by your lack of confidence. Remember that you are not in the interview just by chance and even if it were by chance, you should make the most of it.ENJOY THE INTERVIEW TOO!What if I told you that you could make the interview room a place where you can dominate? Where don’t you have to be on a scale or a hot seat? A room where you can just enjoy the flow of events and answer a question with ease and no sweaty palms?The best candidates are those who are confident of what they have to offer. No fidgeting, no fear of not getting the job, no fear of the seeming devouring face of the interviewer and ultimately no fear of failing to impress the intervi ewer.Well, you just have to learn this one basic thing. The tensed atmosphere in the interview room is a figment of your imagination. Take it off your mind and it would be gone forever. Think of it this way, it is a room where you meet those who want to be convinced that you are the person they need to solve their problem.Interviewers are doing their jobs but not always boring or sad or anti-candidate professionals. They need you in the company. They need your skills and qualities. You must feel important and needed. As a matter of fact, they are in that room for you; just to hire someone like you!You get on with the flow. Enjoy their jokes genuinely and do not just nod and smile like a robot. Laugh heartily when the scenario demands and smile if it also demands the occasion. Like I said before, just be natural. Don’t apply too much pressure on yourself or put too many efforts trying to impress the interviewer.You would lose the originality of the occasion and may even pass for a person with terrible interpersonal skills. Your test of quality has also begun. Establish rapport and eye contact. It is the perfect way to communicate. They need to know you understand the organizational mode of communication and you also have to make them understand you.Learning to multitask is a great quality for a worker but much more is learning to think ahead and anticipate. If there is such euphoria in the interview room as the one described, then you must also learn to anticipate the next block they might throw at you. You cannot afford to be caught unawares or thrown off balance.However, if they got you one down, you do not have to worry or make the atmosphere tense. You do not have to get everything right. Just move on and do great.Hence, you have to be free in your mind and in the room yet alert. Allow them to connect with you even as you connect with them. Remember, a jovial interview where you were confident of your skills and qualities is one of the best ways to make t he interviewers remember you.THE ULTIMATE IMPRESSIONWell, this conversation is coming to an end but there are a few tips to drop off even at this point. A good reminder about interviewers is that they are professionals in the business of hiring those with the required qualifications and qualities for the job.Interviewers do not look for those can super-impress them with their nicely crafted words, rib cracking jokes or hefty show of work history or academic qualifications. The question on their mind is: “Who is able to fill the void in this company, fit in without stress and bring the best game to the table?”You tick those boxes and you are hot on and top of their list of candidates for the job. It would not matter if you could not crack a joke throughout the interview. You also cannot tick those boxes without being self-confident about your qualities and sure that you are good enough.Can you handle the demands of the job? Ticking all these invisible but salient boxes are what I call ‘The Ultimate Impression’. Having highlighted what the ultimate impression is, I think it is important to state what it is not. Aiming to please at all costs may be a disadvantage in achieving the ultimate impression on your interviewer.It may work in places where you are needed to relate to clients or customer service to an extent but certainly would not carry you far. Just note the following points:Crack all the jokes and you may still not fill in the gaps.Aiming to impress is not a strong feature.Self-confidence in your skills and qualities is the ultimate impression.So, dear job seeker, stop trying to impress the interviewer!Prepare well for the interview. It is a place to sell yourself to the interviewers and not to blow the mind or super-impress them. Self-confidence is the best and ultimate impression. Once you press your aim towards impressing the interviewer, you risk losing your confidence and ability to make the interviewer believe you are the man or woman for t he job.Overcome the anxiety that comes with interviews. It is not that tense as your mind makes it be. As a matter of fact. You can make the selection process actually enjoyable for yourself and still be alert at all times. Yes, you can pull it off. All you need is to make sure your attitude is positive and never tense.Be polite and do not overdo it. I am quite aware there are no hard and fast rules about interviews neither is there an absolute advice concerning interviews.However, there are some principles that are general and mutually inclusive. Attempting to impress an interviewer at the expense of your confidence or self-esteem will not be in your favor.So, it is time to call it quits on that tactic. Like I said, you did not get the job interview by luck but on merit. They need a person of your worth, skill and qualification.The interview is to verify this fact and see who can give the best delivery. That person is you and I believe you can pull it off so well without focusing t oo much of your efforts on impressing the interviewer.FINAL WORDTake note of the points discussed above and you could be the next candidate who will get the e-mail or call to resume work or come back to discuss terms of employment. You are worth it. Quit trying to impress the interviewer and prove that you are their next team member!

10 Facts on the Geography of Beijing China

Beijing is a large city located in northern China. It is also Chinas capital city and it is considered a direct-controlled municipality and, as such, it is controlled directly by Chinas central government instead of a province. Beijing has a very large population at 21,700,000 and it is divided into 16 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Fast Facts: Beijing, China Population: 21,700,000 (2018 estimate)Land Area: 6,487 square miles (16,801 square kilometers)Bordering Areas: Hebei Province to the north, west, south,  and part of the east and the Tianjin Municipality to the southeastAverage Elevation: 143 feet (43.5 meters) Beijing is known as being one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China (along with Nanjing, Luoyang, and Changan or Xian). It is also a major transportation hub, a political and cultural center of China, and was host to the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. The following is a list of ten geographic facts to know about Beijing. 1. Changing Names of Beijing The name Beijing means Northern Capital but it has been renamed several times in its history. Some of these names include Zhongdu (during the Jin Dynasty) and Dadu (under the Yuan Dynasty). The citys name was also switched from Beijing to Beiping (meaning Northern Peace) twice in its history. After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China,  however, its name officially became Beijing. 2. Inhabited for 27,000 Years It is believed that Beijing has been inhabited by modern humans for about 27,000 years. In addition, fossils from Homo erectus, dating back to 250,000 years ago have been found in caves in Beijings Fangshan District. Beijings history consists of struggles between various Chinese dynasties which fought for the area and used it as Chinas capital. 3. A Capital for Over 1,200 Years The village of what would become Beijing developed into a capital city during the Tang dynasty in the 9th century CE. The Venetian explorer Marco Polo visited in 1272, when the city was named Khanbalik and was ruled by the great Mongol emperor Khublai Khan. The city was massively rebuilt by Yong Le (1360–1424) during the Ming Dynasty, who built a Great Wall to protect his city.   4. Became Communist in 1949 In January 1949, during the Chinese Civil War, Communist forces entered Beijing, then called Beiping, and in October of that year, Mao Zedong announced the creation of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and renamed the city Beijing, its capital. Since the founding of the PRC, Beijing has undergone massive changes to its physical structure, including the removal of its city wall and the construction of roads intended for cars instead of bicycles. Most recently, land in Beijing has developed at a rapid pace and many historical areas have been replaced by residences and shopping centers. 5. A Post-Industrial City Beijing is one of the most developed and industrial areas of China and it was one of the first post-industrial cities (meaning its economy is not based on manufacturing) to emerge in China. Finance is a major industry in Beijing, as is tourism. Beijing also has some manufacturing located on the western outskirts of the city and agriculture is produced outside of major urban areas. 6. Geographic Location on the North China Plain Beijing is located at the tip of the North China Plain (map) and it is surrounded by mountains to the north, northwest,  and west. The Great Wall of China is located in the northern part of the municipality. Mount Dongling is Beijings highest point at 7,555 feet (2,303 m). Beijing also has several major rivers flowing through it which include the Yongding and the Chaobai Rivers. 7. Climate: Humid Continental The climate of Beijing is considered humid continental with hot, humid summers and very cold, dry winters. Beijings summer climate is influenced by the East Asian monsoon. The average July high temperature for Beijing is 87.6 °F (31 °C), while the January average high is 35.2 °F (1.2 °C). 8. Poor Air Quality Because of Chinas rapid growth and the introduction of millions of cars into Beijing and surrounding provinces, the city is known for its poor air quality. As a result, Beijing was the first city in China to require emissions standards to be implemented on its cars. Polluting cars have also been banned from Beijing and are not allowed to even enter the city. In addition to air pollution from cars, Beijing also has air quality problems due to seasonal dust storms that have developed Chinas northern and northwestern deserts due to erosion. 9. Direct Controlled Municipality Beijing is the second-largest (after Chongqing) of Chinas direct-controlled municipalities. The majority of Beijings population is Han Chinese. Minority ethnic groups include Manchu, Hui and Mongol, as well as several small international communities. 10. Popular Tourist Destination Beijing is a popular tourist destination within China because it is a center of Chinas history and culture. Many historic architectural sites and several UNESCO World Heritage Sites are within the municipality. For example, The Great Wall of China, the Forbidden City,  and Tiananmen Square are all located in Beijing. In addition, in 2008, Beijing hosted the Summer Olympic Games and sites constructed for the games, such as the Beijing National Stadium are popular. Sources Becker, Jasper. City of Heavenly Tranquility: Beijing in the History of China. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.Beijing Official Home Page. The Peoples Government of Beijing Municipality.

A Suicide Prevention Center - 1187 Words

If a person has a suicide related crisis, what should they do? A good place to start is calling 1-800-273-TALK. This is the National Suicide Helpline, and is an immediate resource to someone in crisis. Several centers around the United States maintain the helpline and provided suicide related services to their community. One of the centers in Colorado is Pueblo Suicide Prevention Center. The agency has been working with suicide related issues for over forty years and has many accomplishments. The agency works with several different types of people, and also serves their community by working with students in different educational institutions. Most recently, the center has worked with a student from the Social Work Program at Colorado†¦show more content†¦The programs that provide these services at PSPC include operating a 24-hour suicide helpline, offering a support group for people who have lost a loved one to suicide, providing licensed professional counseling, and educati ng the community. Most of these services are provided to the people in Pueblo, however, the helpline serves all of the people in Colorado. Pueblo Suicide Prevention Center was established on September 8, 1969 by twenty-three community members including some from Colorado Mental Health Institute and other leaders in Pueblo. The Colorado Mental Health Institute identified the need for an intervention system that would offer services to high-risk, crisis situations that would be immediate and easily accessible. This led to the formation of the 24-hour suicide helpline in Colorado. This action was considered a preventive response to decrease suicide attempts and suicide related deaths. In 1979, Pueblo Suicide Prevention Center became a member of the American Association of Suicidology. Then, became the first Certified Center of the American Association of Suicidology in the State of Colorado. In 2014, Metro Crisis Services also earned their accreditation and began providing services to Colorado.(Dorwart, 2015) . Pueblo Suicide Prevention Center’s mission statement is â€Å"To work toward the prevention of suicide through community education and intervention services to people

Teamwork in Action Free Essays

TEAMWORK IN ACTION Retail store that sells music CDs 1. In retail store that sell music CDs, the single measure best reflects the overall level of activity is Number of CDs sold. – In respect to changes in the measure of CDs sold, a variable cost is a cost that varies, in total, in direct proportion while a fixed cost remains unchanged, in total, regardless of any change. We will write a custom essay sample on Teamwork in Action or any similar topic only for you Order Now -Examples of fixed and variable costs in respect to small changes in the measure of selling CDs: Cost| Cost behavior| | Variable| Fixed| The cost of advertising new store| | X| Number of CDs supplied| X| | The cost of renting space for store| | X| The electrical cost in store| | X| The direct labor cost| | X| The cost of delivering CDs | X| | Variable Cost Number of CDs supplied| Cost of CD| Total variable Cost – CDs| 1| 35. 000| 35. 000| 50| 35. 000| 1. 750. 000| 100| 35. 000| 3. 500. 000| Fixed Cost Monthly Labor cost| Number of CDs sold| Average cost per CD| 5. 000. 000| 20| 250. 000| 5. 000. 000| 70| 71. 428,6| 5. 000. 000| 150| 33. 333,3| 2. Relationship between the number of CDs sold and others: Cost| Behavior of the cost| In Total| Per Unit| Fixed cost| Total fixed cost is not affected by changed in the number of CDs sold. | Fixed cost per unit decreases as the number of CDs sold rises and increases as this number falls. | Variable cost| Total variable cost increases and decreases in proportion to changes in the number of CDs sold. | Variable cost per unit remains constant. | | | | Total cost| Increases and decreases in proportion to changes i n the number of CDs sold| Average total cost per unit| Increases and decreases in proportion to changes in the number of CDs sold| How to cite Teamwork in Action, Essay examples

Report about the Research in Accounting Practice

Question: Write a report about the issues faced by Strong Built Construction Company based upon financial accounting in simple form. Answer: Introduction This study deals with issues faced by Strong Built Construction Company based upon financial accounting in simple form. Strong Built Construction Company is Construction Company and maintains revenues at similar levels. Bill strong was the founding Director of Strong Built Construction Company (Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann 2011). Strong Built Construction Company faced various issues that arise from profitability as well as compensation of executives. This particular construction company faced government interference in case of austerity measures. Bill has dynamic personality as well as high public figure in the construction industry. This study addresses issues for approaches to compensation. Typical elements of compensation packages of Strong Built Construction Company There are various primary elements of compensation for Executive officers including base salary, annual bonus in cash as well as long-term incentive award. It is mainly denominated in shares in case of company stock. Executive officers of Strong Built Construction Company get benefits as well as perquisites as intended part of competitive compensation packages. It includes health, retirement programs as well as welfare and savings (Scott 2012). Elements of Compensation of Strong Built Construction Company Pay Element Description and Purpose Target Pay Level Base Salary It mainly compensates depending upon day-to-day performance at executive level of responsibility. It is based upon executive skills, accomplishments as well as experience. Base salaries considers under fixed compensation in cash as well as short-term. It indulges approximately at or below median in case of peer group Annual Bonus It indulges in motivate as well as reward as current year results for three years. It aligned efforts in achieving specific measurable results. Bonus considers variable compensation based upon annual performance paid in cash It is combined with base salary as well as target bonus opportunity at or below median group. Employee Benefits It includes protecting against catastrophic expenses as well as loss of income. Health, disability as well as life insurance plans comes under employee benefits There are several features like savings as well as pension programs for preserving or restoring benefits as per IRS rules. Executives mostly participate in form of restoration features by other employees It is combined with value in or above median in case of general industry Long-term incentives It depends upon motivating reward long-term results for three years. It aligns efforts for achieving specified measurable results as well as increased market price of company stock. Long-term incentives considers as variable compensation based upon long-term company performance as paid in stock. It is combined with base salary as well as target bonus opportunity and target long-term incentives at or above median peer group. Post-termination compensation It helps in providing basis for rapid transition as fair to executive as well as temporary income in case of involuntary termination It is combined with value in or above median in case of general industry Perquisites It initiates assisting ways for attracting as well as retaining executives as talent in form of practical value for particular company It is combined with value in or above median in case of general industry Key assumptions of traditional agency theory and approaches to compensation of Strong Built Construction Company Agency Theory is a popular concept in economics, finance as well as law literatures. It mainly focuses on divergent interests as well as goals of stakeholders in an organization (Scott 2011). It reveals ways in case of employee compensation in alignment with interest as well as goals at the same time. Ownership as well as management separates from Modern Corporation by the same person. Most of the stockholders remove from day-to-day operations known as agency costs. These costs arise mainly from the interest of principals as well as owners as agents and managers. Agency costs mainly include management spending money especially on prerequisites like superfluous corporate jets. Agency theory considers as value in analysis as well as design by non-managers compensation (Schroeder, Clark and Cathey 2011). Divergence of interests exists between manages as well as employees at the same time. Difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in Strong Built Construction Company Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation The literal meaning of intrinsic is internal or inside of oneself The literal meaning of extrinsic is external or outside of oneself Person who are intrinsically motivated, they enjoy activity as well as skill satisfaction in developmental for satisfaction of learning. It strides inwardly activities for competent activities (Riahi-Belkaoui 2012). Extrinsic Motivation is used frequently in and within society throughout lifetime. There is no particular inducement in case of intrinsic motivation as key behaviour in final outcome It depends upon the motivating factors in achieving as well as learning in regard with outcome It is important to consider the fact that argument lies in the difference between intrinsic as well as extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation derives from self-concept, internal need as well as core beliefs and development in opposed to extrinsic motivators at the same time (Previts, Walton and Wolnizer 2011). Motives requires in additive in effective like motivating oneself in engaging towards behaviour. It continues as well as persists in a particular behaviour. Employees attitude to risk influence as their desired compensation package in Strong Built Construction Company Most of the organization continuously faces mounting competitive pressures as well as seeking ways for better quality assurance. Goals of organization are checking on sales volume, profits as well as innovation and quality for future employment growth. It takes substantial cuts for employment considerations (Libby, Libby and Short 2011). It accomplishes fewer employees calls in case of effective management of human resources. As far as employee compensation system, it focuses on managing human resources in better way. Employee compensation is one of the factors that play important role for employees as well as employers. Employees widely depend upon wages as well as salaries in the most appropriate way (Leung 2011). It provides large share in case of income as well as benefits in case of income and health security for the same. From the viewpoint of employers, compensation greatly influences cost of rendering business as well as ability in selling at competitive prices in product mar kets. Compensation decisions depend upon employee ability in competing for employees in the labour market. It depends upon the attitudes as well as behaviours by the employer (Kester 2012). Time period when employees receives financial benefit in Strong Built Construction Company Strong Built Construction Company engages in receiving financial benefits for employees working in the particular company. Employee benefits known as fringe benefits considers as indirect form of compensation (Horngren 2013). It provides healthy relationship between employers as well as employees. It requires competing with quality employees in global marketplace as well as rendering fair benefit packages on specified time. Employees receive compensation from Strong Built Construction Company in return of work performed on monthly basis. Compensation relates with all form of financial returns as well as tangible services and benefits as part of employment relationship in an overall manner (Hendriksen and Van Breda 2012). Financial returns depend widely on the base salary as well as short and long-term incentives. Strong Built Construction Company compensation practices have far-reaching effects especially on its competitive advantage. It requires developing competitive advantage in e ngaging in strategic plans as well as actions in desired form. Labour costs affects on competitive advantage in representing large portion of Strong Built Construction Company operation budget in the near future (Glautier, Morris and Underdown 2011). Role in fairness considerations in determining compensation Strong Built Construction Company should determine fair compensation packages for employees working in the particular business organization. This particular construction company perceives fairness of employee rewards for future analysis purpose (Freeman 2011). Idea of fairness determines for making extra effort in reaching towards organizational goals as well as objectives at the same time. It is important for Strong Built Construction Company in ensuring that their employees rewards rooted in case of principles of fairness. According to research, employees perception regarding fairness as well as equitable treatment drives towards core driver of retention. It directly relates with engagement as well as performance of employees in the particular construction company (Dyckman, Magee and Pfeiffer 2011). It requires creating climate of distrust as well as hostility. It erodes performance as well as employee commitment towards Strong Built Construction Company. It reduces willingness of employees in helping each other in need if unfair reorganization takes place in any form. It gives rise to increased unionizing activities as well as voluntary turnover and absenteeism. Employees working under Strong Built Construction Company should be given career development opportunities as well as healthy work atmosphere. Employees are liable in getting fair compensation plan as well as direction of organization. It should mitigate managers as well as supervisory conflicts in all possible forms (Duska, Duska and Ragatz 2011). Executive compensation committee in providing benefits in determining compensation Strong Built Construction Company establishes Executive Compensation Committee in determination of compensation. This particular committee is responsible in establishing as well as recommending to Board in compensation for Strong Built Construction Company (Devi and Hooper 2011). The main philosophy facts rely upon pay for performance. Committee needs to make compensation decisions on ad-hoc basis. Committee overarching compensation philosophy enables in assessing suitability as compensation program components in certain way. It ensures compensation for implementation for determination potential pay. Senior Executives requires paying at risk in comparison with lower level Executives at the same time. One of the important considerations includes incentives at short-term basis as well as longer-term in nature wise (Deegan and Unerman 2011). Structure of executive compensation in achieving best outcomes Strong Built Construction Company pays executive compensation and considers as complex as well as contentious subject. Hugh level of CEO involves in pay-setting process as well as related outcomes at the same time. It includes both managerial power as well as competitive market forces in an overall manner (Deegan and Unerman 2012). It explores on various characteristics in comparison with real-world compensation contracts in way of optimal contracting. It demonstrates compensation features based upon optimal contracting in the most appropriate way. Conclusion and Recommendations At the end of this part, it is concluded that Strong Built Construction Company requires checking on profit before taxes as presented in the financial statements. This report clearly points out elements of compensation packages used by Strong Built Construction Company in carrying out the business activities in desired form. It explains traditional agency theory in accordance to approaches to compensation as far as possible. This particular brings out real financial issues faced by Strong Built Construction Company for future analysis purpose. It explains differences between extrinsic as well as intrinsic motivation for the same. Conclusion At the end of the report, it is concluded that public appears ignorant in case of statute books as well as other document information. It is recommended in educating public on matters relating to duties as well as responsibilities of an auditor in improving the understanding of audit work. Standard auditor report expands disclaimer clauses for certifying guaranteed financial soundness of auditee at the same time. It is advisable in stating audit report in case of Compliance Officer. Auditors report ads up opinion as expressed by auditor and constructed guarantee of accuracy of financial statements. It includes users of financial statement like financial consultants, bankers as per gap in Ghana. Reference List Agyei, A., Aye, B.K. and Owusu-Yeboah, E., (2013). An assessment of audit expectation gap in Ghana.Int. J. Acad. Res. Account., Financ. Manage. Sci,3(4), pp.112-118. Albrecht, W., Stice, E., and Stice, J. (2011).Financial accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Deegan, C. and Unerman, J. (2011).Financial accounting theory. Maidenhead, Berkshire: McGraw Hill Education. Deegan, C. and Unerman, J. (2012).Financial accounting theory. Maidenhead, Berkshire: McGraw Hill Education. Devi, S. and Hooper, K. (2011).Accounting in Asia. Bingley: Emerald. Duska, R., Duska, B., and Ragatz, J. (2011).Accounting ethics. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. Dyckman, T., Magee, R., and Pfeiffer, G. (2011).Financial accounting. [Westmont, Ill.]: Cambridge Business Publishers. Freeman, R. (2011).Governmental and nonprofit accounting. Boston: Prentice Hall. Glautier, M., Morris, D., and Underdown, B. (2011).Accounting. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall/Pearson. Gold, A., Gronewold, U. and Pott, C., (2012). The ISA 700 auditor's report and the audit expectation gapDo explanations matter?.International Journal of Auditing,16(3), pp.286-307. Hendriksen, E. and Van Breda, M. (2012).Accounting theory. Homewood, IL: Irwin. Horngren, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia Group. Kester, R. (2012).Accounting theory and practice. New York: Ronald Press Co. Leung, D. (2011).Inside Accounting. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower. Libby, R., Libby, P., and Short, D. (2011).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Okafor, C.A. and Otalor, J.I., 2013. Narrowing the Expectation Gap in Auditing: The Role of the Auditing Profession.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,4(2), pp.43-52. Previts, G., Walton, P., and Wolnizer, P. (2011).A global history of accounting, financial reporting and public policy. Bingley: Emerald. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2012).Accounting theory. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Schroeder, R., Clark, M., and Cathey, J. (2011).Financial accounting theory and analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Scott, W. (2011).Financial accounting theory. Toronto, Ont.: Pearson Canada. Scott, W. (2012).Financial accounting theory. Toronto, Ont.: Pearson Canada. Spiceland, J., Thomas, W., and Herrmann, D. (2011).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

General Motors Branding of Saturn

Executive Summary Branding is one of the most valid practices of marketing management in firms. Best practices in brand management result in the attainment of high volumes of sales by the company. This paper presents a case of branding and its impact on Saturn, which is one of the key brands of the General Motors Company.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on General Motors: Branding of Saturn specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper is subdivided into three major parts. The first part of the paper is the background, which gives an overview of the case. The second part of the paper is the situational analysis, which explores the issue of brands and branding that are brought out in the case. The third part of the paper is the analysis of alternatives, in which suggestions to the issues of brand management identified in the case are given. Introduction Marketing is one of the most critical practices of firms amids t the competition that prevails in the market in which firms operate. Each company keeps coming up with marketing strategies as a way of improving the capacity of the firm to ease the competitive pressure that emanate from the practices of other firms in the market. Firms often develop a number of strategies, some of which favor the company while other marketing strategies result in complications and impact negatively on market sustenance (Ferrell Hartline, 2011). The General Motors Company is one of the world’s most renowned companies in the global automotive industry. This implies that the company has managed to produce brands that have ensured its competitiveness in the industry. It should be observed that the automotive industry is a technical industry, which makes it one of the most competitive industries in the world. For any firm in the industry to thrive in the market, it has to continuously embrace innovation and creativity. There are a number of other established c ompanies in the industry. These include Ford, Nissan and Toyota. This paper presents a case analysis of marketing practices in General Motors. The case presented in the paper focuses on Saturn, one of the brands of the General Motors Company. The paper begins by expounding the problem in the case, after which an analysis of marketing issues that comes out of the case is done. Background of the case General Motors has managed to sustain its operational competitiveness in the industry and the market at large through the production and positioning of different brands in the market. Therefore, this case centers on the marketing initiatives and practices that appertain to one of the General Motors Company brands in the market. The case revolves around the marketing decision by Saturn to produce and market other brands of cars. Since its establishment, Saturn has emerged to be a strong and independent brand, irrespective of the fact that the brand still lies under the umbrella of General Motors Company.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was an aggressive development basing on the fact that General Motors had only relied on three brands in the 1990 decade. While this was seen as a step of bringing about a revolution in Saturn, a number of concerns were raised over the influence of this development of the company and its position in the market. The main concern came from the fact that the company had been dwelling on a narrow line of production, which captured a certain line of customers. The introduction of diverse brands implies the enlargement of the target market and the expansion of the market segments of Saturn, an exercise that may be quite daunting for Saturn and General Motors. The decision to develop diverse brands is welcome, but at the same time lots of doubts are raised about how the diverse numbers of products are to be managed in the mar ket. Saturn set out its operations back in the year 1990 with the rolling out of three brands of cars in the market. These three brands are: a sedan, a wagon and a coupe, thrived the market due to their features. Innovative and marketing management attracted an extended number of customers. These features attracted a new set of customers who could not have been captured by the General Motors Company. Five years into its operations, Saturn had attained a higher level of recognition in the market, making the company to be nominated for diverse awards basing on its score on satisfaction index. This performance implied that Saturn defied most of the odds of the industry, which is often deemed to be highly competitive and hard to penetrate. However, the sudden mushrooming of the company in the market began to be bound by the shrinking in sales, even with the introduction of a series of other new brands of cars in the market. The company also saw a number of newer brands like the L-series vanish from the market within a short time. The question that ought to be posed here is why the company was witnessing a reduction in the amount of sales, in spite of increasing the number of car brands in the market. Irrespective of the reduction in sales, General Motors has kept banking on Saturn to raise its performance. General Motors banks heavily on the capacity of Saturn, which lays in a number of things, among them the loyal base of Saturn customers. The central question in the case is the dynamic focus of Saturn and the implications that it has on raising the performance of the company in the market. With the adoption of diversity in production, several concerns are raised in the segment of the market, which will be central to the company.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on General Motors: Branding of Saturn specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The effects of production diversification on the customers o f the company are also issues of concern. The impact of diversification of the company’s production leaves a lot of pending questions on the interactions between the company and its customers. The General Motors’ hope of market expansion through investment in Saturn lies in a number of things that have shown up in the brand. These are innovation, employee focus, social responsibility, and customer sustainability. Situational Analysis Overview of the environment The General Motors Company is ranked among the leading producers of cars in the world. However, the global automotive industry has volatile competition, which necessitates the application of competitive strategies by companies that are operating in the industry. One trend that is common in the competitive landscape in the global automotive industry is the innovative practice that results in the production of different car brands. However, attraction and sustenance of customers through the brands, remains to be a key challenge to a substantial number of firms operating in the industry, General Motors, being among the challenged companies. Companies in the industry have nonetheless kept inventing strategies that are geared at helping them access and gain significant control of customers in the market. Competition remains to be a fundamental guiding force in the industry that keeps steering the struggle for market and the subsequent sustenance of firms in the market. Branding is one of the key characteristic of marketing that is used by a substantial number of firms in the automotive industry (Wiedmann et al., 2011). The General Motors Company has been on the forefront in terms of developing brands as one of its competitive strategies in the market. One critical thing that has been observed in the case is that the General Motors Company has leveraged a substantial number of individual car brands in the market. However, the most critical thing that denotes the internal development of the compa ny is the development of the Saturn brand. Saturn produced is the first brand of cars in the year 1990. The brand accessed the market quickly, enabling the brand to quickly attain a respectable position in the market. According to George (2004), Saturn can be considered to be one of the key heritage brands of the General Motors Company. The three types of cars that were rolled into the market by Saturn in 1990 gained wide acceptance from a certain segment of customers in the market. This can be attributed to market research by Saturn, which enabled it to come up with brands that were appealing to customers. The pace at which a given product gains access and acceptance in the market is dependent on a number of factors. The most compelling factors are the ability of the products to meet the consumption demands of the customers.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The consumption needs are based on prices, the level of utility of the product and the tastes and preferences of the customers. It can be said that the features of the three products that were rolled out by Saturn in 1990 met the needs of the customers. From the case, it has been noted that Saturn went further to produce another set of car brands later. These brands did not attain the level of sales that was attained by the first of their key brands that were unleashed earlier. The marketing mix Competing in the market through the nature of products is a complicated exercise as it involves a change in the nature of products in the market. One main thing that has been noted in the global automotive industry is that firms in the industry often compete through branding. As one of the main brands of the General Motors Company, Saturn has given a lot of attention to the development of diverse brands of products. While the first three brands gained a quicker access in the market, a series of other car brands that were produced as part of expanding the presence of the company in the market. A substantial number of market researchers have argued that the release of many brands in the market by firms can be an undoing factor for the company. At the same time, firms can use the deployment of several brands in the market as one of the tactics of dominating the market. While competing with products, one critical thing that a firm ought to observe is the entry point in the market. In the case under study, it was observed that that Saturn entered the market with a smaller range of products in the market, which made it gain fame in the market. The introduction of other brands by Saturn resulted in the complication of managing a wide range of products in the market. New products imply the expansion of the marketing segment of the company, which increases the task of managing a wider number of products in the market (Pride Ferrell, 2012). Pricing plays a vital role in shaping the performance of products in the market due to the changing conditions of the economy that affect the buying behavior of customers. The change in the number of products in the company that were introduced by Saturn in the market denotes a change in pricing. Pricing was one of the key attributes of marketing that attracted customers to the Saturn products. Saturn has not paid much attention to pricing, but rather to the broadening of the range of products in the market. The factors of production and the channels of procuring materials are part of the key considerations in the establishment of prices in an industry that is labor intensive (Biller et al., 2005). The market where a company operates in acts as a guiding factor in the establishment of marketing strategies. As noted in the earlier analysis conducted in the paper, Saturn produces brands that compete with numerous other car brands that are produced by other companies in the market like. The General Motors Company poses co mpetitive threat to other giant companies in the market like Toyota and Ford. Saturn targets a wider segment of the market, which is the reason why the company decided to expand its brands by venturing into the production of other brands apart from the first three brands. With the new car models, it can be said that the company wants to extend its brands to the young generation across the global market. However, the performance of the brands in the market raises questions about whether targeting the youths more can help to attain a desirable number of sales for the company as it is echoed out in the case. Spahi (2008) observed that the strategy of conquering the market through the enlargement of brands can result in the problem of managing customers. It denotes the expansion of the market, which could jeopardize the attractive aspect of the prevailing brands to the segment of customers already captured by the brands. Promotion is done through several means, one of which is the produ ction of brands with features that are appealing to a certain segment of customers. It should also be noted that the promotion of Saturn brands in the market is enhanced by the fact that the company has established itself as a brand in itself, an aspect that de-links it from the other long established brands of the General Motors Company like Chevrolet. The other promotional factor for the company in the market is the customer centric approaches that are held by the management of the company. This concurs with the argument that was advanced by Nadeem (2007), who noted that customer centric approaches are critical to the attainment of customer loyalty and, by extension promoting the brand in the market. Analysis of Alternatives While gaining customers is easily attainable, the sustenance of customers through brands is a whole complicated exercise because of the dynamics in brands and branding practices of firms in the market. The loyalty of customers is often attained through the bra nds that are released by firms in the market and the supportive mating management practices that accompany the brands (Kerr Balakrishnan, 2012). The problem in the case presented in this paper revolves around the issue of brand management in the market by Saturn. The question that ought to be asked is whether it was worthwhile for Saturn to introduce a series of other brands in the market, bearing in mind that the brands that already prevailed in the market had a remarkable performance. Arguing from the perspective of commanding the market through brands, it can be said that a substantial number of companies often opt for using the tactic of flooding the market with their brands as one way of controlling their competitiveness in the market. However, Saturn ought to introduce new brands on a one-by-one basis since it operates in a highly competitive market. This is a desirable exercise as it gives firms time to monitor and ensure that a given brand has attained the desired level of acceptance and commands loyalty from the customers. This is backed by the finding of a research that was conducted by Bowman and Gatignon (1996), who sought to know the impact of the multiple brand introductions to the management of product mix. Brown and Gatignon concluded that it is quite daunting to manage multiple brands in the market, especially when they are introduced at the same time by the company in the market. From their observation, they argued that firms need to prioritize the entry of brands in the market as this helps to ease the pressure of managing brands in the market. A reasonable gap needs to be given in order to ensure that customers gain familiarity with a give brand before another brand is presented to them by the company (Bowman Gatignon, 1996). The other key alternative of marketing management in this case entails the utilization of other aspects of marketing management as a way of catching and managing the attention of customers on the brands released by S aturn in the market. It should be noted that the marketing function in firms is comprised of diverse practices, all of which help the company to gain and sustain customers. Brand positioning is often attained not by the nature of the brand itself, but through the nature of marketing practices that are deployed by the company in its quest to familiarize the brand in the market. As observed in the case, the earlier key brands of Saturn were able to gain a wider acceptance from the customers through the practices that were deployed in releasing them to the customers. This reiterates the need to embrace diversity in marketing practices if at all the General Motors Company wants to boost its presence in the market through Saturn. Such practices are elusive and begin with the exercise of motivating the marketing team of the company. They denote the deployment of aggressive marketing tactics that aim at ensuring that a substantial number of brands have gained the desired level of attention in the market. Promotion of each individual brand in the market through pricing and other marketing offers is essential for differentiating the brands in the market (Morris Martin, 2000). Saturn needs to be creative so that it does not deploy similar tactics in promoting the different bands in the market. Conclusion and recommendations Brand management is a critical yet a complex exercise. From the case, it has been noted that managing multiple brands in the market is quite daunting and can result in market loss by a given company. Saturn had a good command of the market when it introduced a few brands in the market. However, its sales declined amidst its decision to introduce a series of other brands in the market. Several arguments arose, among them the issue of differentiating brands in the market segments. As noted in the analysis of alternatives, Saturn needs to pay attention to two critical issues in order to avert the problems of branding that are facing it. First of all, S aturn should recognize the need to manage the pace at which it introduces brands in the market. The most desirable way to do is by marketing each brand at its own time. This is critical in differentiating the brands in the market. The company can also focus each brand on a given market segment. This is one way of avoiding the generation of conflict of interest among the customers already attained by the preceding brands. The second critical point that should be considered by Saturn is the deployment of different strategies of marketing management for each of the new brands that are released by the company in the market. This can greatly aid in maintaining the difference between the brands and sustenance of the brands in diverse market segments. References Biller, S., Chan, L. M. A., Simchi-Levi, D., Swann, J. (2005). Pricing and the direct-to-customer model in the automotive industry. Electronic Commerce Research, 5(2), 309-334. Bowman, D., Gatignon, H. (1996). Order of entry as a moderator of the effect of the marketing mix on market share. Marketing Science (1986-1998), 15(3), 222-222. Ferrell, O. C., Hartline, M. D. (2011). Marketing strategy. New South Wales: South-Western Cengage Learning. George, M. (2004). Heritage branding helps in global markets. Marketing News, 4(13), 1. Kerr, G., Balakrishnan, M. S. (2012). Challenges in managing place brands: The case of Sydney. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 8(1), 6-16. Morris, R. J., Martin, C. L. (2000). Beanie babies: A case study in the engineering of a high-involvement/relationship-prone brand. The Journal of Product and Brand Management, 9(2), 78-98. Nadeem, M. M. (2007). Emergence of customer-centric branding: From boardroom leadership to self-broadcasting. Journal of American Academy of Business, 12(1), 44-49. Pride, W. M., Ferrell, O. C. (2012). Marketing. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Spahi, S. S. (2008). Optimizing the level of customization for products in mass customization sy stems. University of Central Florida. ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis, 219. Web. Wiedmann, K., Hennigs, N., Schmidt, S., Wuestefeld, T. (2011). Drivers and outcomes of brand heritage: Consumers’ perception of heritage brands in the automotive industry. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 205-220. This case study on General Motors: Branding of Saturn was written and submitted by user Jabari Nieves to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why I would be an asset to Medical School Essay Example

Why I would be an asset to Medical School Essay Example Why I would be an asset to Medical School Paper Why I would be an asset to Medical School Paper Essay Topic: Medical I would be an asset to medical school because I believe that I have the necessary skills, the right attitude, and the necessary understanding of the medical profession which would enable me to become a highly competent doctor someday. However, more than the knowledge, skills, attitude, it is my many experiences in life which I believe is the key for me to become a valuable asset to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. My inclination towards medicine basically began in high school where I was involved in a volunteer medical mission in a highly impoverished area, which had difficulty accessing hospitals since its location was isolated from major cities. Although, being a student, I was only assigned to assist the doctors and other medical personnel who were with us, nothing could equal the joy and satisfaction I felt when I saw the smile on the face of an old woman after one of the doctors gave her a free check up to diagnose her illness which was later identified as pneumonia. Basically, this experience made me realize that I wanted to have a career in the medical field as I would be able to help a lot of people in need. In addition, my experience in the medical mission made me realize that I had a way better life than the people I met there so it is my job to help them. In this regard, I believe that there would be no better way to help these kinds of people than to enter the medical profession where I can use my talents in a way that would greatly benefit society. More importantly, the life changing experienced I had made me appreciate more the true value of life itself. Personally, I believe that for any doctor to effectively preserve and improve the condition of a life, he or she must know the how to value life first. My passion for medicine grew even more when I was in college as I continued my participation in medically-oriented activities. Furthermore, I met a lot of people from different cultures and people from different walks of life. As a result, I was able to develop my interpersonal skills which I believe are crucial skills that a doctor must possess in order for him or her to be able to become efficient in dealing with patients. In addition, I believe that my attitude is very much in line with the medical profession as I am basically a service-oriented person. For me, more than the salary, the fame, and the prestige, it is essential for any doctor to place the patient’s needs first above his or her needs. By doing so, not only is the doctor able to help people in need, but he or she also significantly contributes to the medical profession as he or she provides the best medical services possible with little. Moreover, although it is no secret that the study of medicine entails an enormous amount responsibility and hard work, I believe that it is my passion and my dedication to the craft that would enable to survive the grueling years ahead if I am accepted in the Royal College of Surgeons. In short, I believe that my years of experience dealing with people in need, my selfless attitude, and most of all, my desire to help preserve and improve the condition of the people in need would allow me to become a vital asset to the Royal College of Surgeons, where I believe I would be trained by the best instructors to become a highly efficient and well-rounded doctor someday. If I am blessed and fortunate enough to be accepted in the Royal College of Surgeons, I believe I would no doubt grow into a highly-competent professional and subsequently contribute not only to the school but also to the medical profession itself.

The impact of Hurricane Katrina on the economy Essay

The impact of Hurricane Katrina on the economy - Essay Example There are some strategies implemented to overcome the disaster caused to the economy by this hurricane. Hurricane Katrina has affected the Gulf of Mexico, New Orleans and Louisiana, which is the main hub of nation's oil, gas production and distribution. It severely damaged the oil production and refining facilities in these areas crippling the oil and gas production of the country. The fuel produced by the country is a contributing factor to the economic growth of a country. The damage of such a resource has its implications of various sectors. Although, there is sometime required to estimate the damage caused by this hurricane, predications are made about the potential loss that the economy will incur. Hurricane Katrina has resulted in the increase in prices of gasoline and other oil products. The damage of oil production and refining facilities has resulted in high demand of gasoline. The prices of fuel have increased by about by 15 times. [Hurricane Katrina's impact on US economy should not be overestimated, 2005]. Because of this increase in price, there are various industries, which are predicted to be affected by this calamity. This damage caused to the oil and gas production of the country is likely to affect the import and export of goods, retail market, real estate business and large organizations. [Little, 2005]. Gulf of Mexico comprises of about 30 percent oil production, 20 percent of the gas production and 60 percent of the oil imports in the U.S. [Samuelson, 2005]. This increase in the oil and gasoline price has affected the import and export of goods. Oil and gasoline is essential for transportation of products into and outside the country. The devastation caused to the oil and refinery productions in these areas have affected the transportation of the grains and goods outside the country and inflow of coffee and cargo into the country. [Hurricane Katrina's impact on US economy should not be overestimated, 2005]. However, there is a consolation that most of the import and export of goods occur after the fall so it has not causes a major damage to the foreign trade. [Samuelson, 2005] The increase in the price of the fuel has resulted in increase in price of every petrol-chemical and other related product. For instance, due to the increase in crude oil, the price of home heating products is expected to reach a soaring height during the winter season. [Little, 2005]. The hurricane has also affected the *retail market. There is increase in price on most of the products as a result the consumer budget is being affected. Most of the people spend large amount of money on the fuel due to the increase in prices of the fuel, while there is no increase in their salary or wages. As a result, they are unable to purchase high priced products. This will tend to affect the retail sales. *Consumer spending accounts to about two-thirds of the economy due to which a recession is forecasted in the economy. [Little, 2005]. The real estate business will make huge profits due to the hurricane. The hike in prices of the fuel and the shortage of building material in the country will result in increase in the value of the land and

Groups for organizational decision making Essay

Groups for organizational decision making - Essay Example This technique does not allow any group discussion. This is prevalent in the military set up where the highest ranking officer of the group makes a decision to either attack the enemy or wait for the enemy to attack the soldier group. Another popular example is when a group of Grade 4 pupils are led by the class teacher on Disneyland field trip. The pupils eagerly obey the group teacher’s every instruction, without question. Second, the group implements the decision of the expert (Chelst 144). When a group of tourist visits a new tourist destination, the group eagerly accepts the recommendations of the group’s expert, the tourist guide. The group easily accepts the tourist guide’s recommended hotel, restaurant, sites, and other recommended tourism activities. Third, the group will implement the most popular (majority) recommendation or alternative (Levi 160). For example, the group decided to vote on whether to visit the White House, Disneyland, or Hollywood. If Hollywood gets the highest number of group member votes, everyone in the group will visit Hollywood. The members of the group who voted to visit Disneyland must disregard their preferred choices and abide by the group decision. Fourth, the group will implement the decision of the group leader after gathering the group members’ comments, suggestions, complaints, and other inputs (Chelst 144). The leader makes the decision by incorporating the group members’ comments, suggestions, complaints, and other inputs. The method normally pleases the group members. The members are happy that their diverse inputs are being included in the group leader’s decision making process. Fifth, group may decide to implement the average votes of the group (Stair 425). This completely differs from the prior third group decision technique. The average vote may not be the most popular vote. The average vote may not be the minority

CRISP methodology

CRISP methodology Well we got 2 data sets to analysis using SPSS PASW 1) Wine Quality Data Set and 2) The Poker Hand Data Set. We can do this using CRISP methodology. Let us look what is CRISP by wikipedia CRISP-DM stands for Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining It is a data mining process model that describes commonly used approaches that expert data miners use to tackle problems. PASW Modeler is a data mining workbench that enables you to quickly develop predictive models using business expertise and deploy them into business operations to improve decision making. Designed around the industry-standard CRISP-DM model, IBM SPSS PASW Modeler supports the entire data mining process, from data to better business results. CRISP DM, Clementines own lightweight methodology of 5 stages Business Understanding, Data Understanding, Data Preparation Modelling, Evaluation and Deployment. CRISP Methodology Business Understanding: Understanding the project requirements objectives from a business perspective, and then converting this knowledge into a data mining problem definition Data understanding In this step following activities are going on, Data understanding, Collecting Initial Data then describing Data, Exploring Data and lastly verifying Data Quality The data preparation phase Tasks include table, record, and attribute selection as well as transformation and cleaning of data for modeling tools.Cleaning Data using appropriate cleaning and cleansing strategies then Integrating Data into a single point. Modeling: Selection and application of various modeling techniques done in this phase, and their parameters are adjusted to optimal values. Basically, there are more than one technique for the same data mining problem type. Some techniques have specific requirements on the form of data. Therefore, stepping back to the data preparation phase is often needed. Steps consist of Generating a Test Design, Building the Models assessing the Model Evaluation Building of model (or models) takes place in this phase. Before proceeding to final deployment of the model, it is important to more thoroughly evaluate the model, and review the steps executed to construct the model. Deployment In the final stage Knowledge gained is organized presented so that an end user can easily use it. As per the requirements this can be a report or a complex data mining process. Normally Customers carry out the deployment step Wine quality data set Wine quality is modeled under classification and regression approaches, which preserves the order of the grades. Explanatory knowledge is given in terms of a sensitivity analysis, which measures the response changes when a given input variable is varied through its domain The red wine data set contains 1600 samples out of which I have selected 200 random samples and doing the analysis(Data mining cannot discover patterns that may be present in the larger body of data if those patterns are not present in the sample being mined ) .So I selected the data set bearing in mind. The data set I have selected has high confidence. With measurements of 13 chemical constituents (e.g. alcohol, Mg) and the goal is to find the quality of red and white wine. Input variables 1 fixed acidity 2 volatile acidity 3 citric acid 4 residual sugar 5 chlorides 6 free sulphur dioxide 7 total sulfur dioxide 8 density 9 pH 10 sulphates 11 alcohol Output variable is quality (score between 0 and 10) CRISP methodology has been followed through out the phase .By checking the web site and resources learned about the wine domain .the next step was to check whether incorrect, missing or abnormal values in the data set end ensure the data quality. Data quality of the data set is very good. PASW Data stream classification of red and white wines Classification for Red and White wine 2 data sets red wine and white wine have been imported using variable file nodes Use of type node here is to describe the characteristics of data. . The Classification and Regression (CR) Tree node is a tree-based classification and prediction method. Similar to C5.0, this method uses recursive partitioning to split the training records into segments with similar output field values. The CR Tree node starts by examining the input fields to find the best split, measured by the reduction in an impurity index that results from the split. The split defines two subgroups, each of which is subsequently split into two more subgroups, and so on, until one of the stopping criteria is triggered. All splits are binary (only two subgroups) Red Wines variable importance White wine variable importance From variable importance diagram we can say that important attribute to determine Red wine quality is pH. The variable importance is in the order pH, citric acid, chloride as shown in the figure1. But for determining White wines quality the most contributing attribute is chloride and 2nd attribute is Alcohol. Analysis and conclusion The above generated tree consists of nodes and its children. The top node represent the total number of wine samples and how many number belongs to different categories(1 to 9).The first split is on chloride. This implies that most of the wine belongs to chloride level0.041.We see that good quality wine has chloride level It has been found from count Vs Quality graph that how many belongs to good quality categories. Alcoholic concentration of white wine samples is more than that of red wine sample. Good wines normally have high concentration. So we can conclude that White wine samples are good. In the white wine chloride level is normally high that implies it has got good Aroma. Where as in red wine the citric level is between particular levels that shows the red wine is very tasty!! PASW has got a number of 2-D and 3-D charts like bar, pie, histogram, scatter etc for time being I am using linear graph and 3-d scatter graph. You can use any of the graph as per the requirements. Some graphs are easy to interpret .Let us consider a 2-D graph between most contributing variable pH and quality from the graph it is clear that the relation ship between pH and quality is in such a way that if pH is in between 3.23 and 3.27 quality is good. Quality is very low for 3.38 and 3.50.We can plot similar graph between quality and citric acid or towards what ever contributing variable then find out the relation ship between them Let us plot a graph between chloride and Quality for the white wine. In the below figure it shows the quality is very good when chloride level below 0.036.And quality in the range 5 to 6 when chloride level is above .048. Like this if plot a graph between quality and alcohol we will see the quality is too good if alcoholic concentration in between 12.5 and 13(as per the sample I have analyzed) 3D graph which shows the relation ship between alcohol, quality and chloride level of white wine from the 2d analysis it was shown how the quality is being affected by single variable. If the one variable does not tell about how quality being related we can check relation ship between 3 variables using a 3d graph. It is having 3 axes. How Regression is useful In this multiple regression ,Predictors such as (Constant), alcohol, fixed acidity, residual sugar, chlorides, volatile acidity, free sulfur dioxide, sulphates, pH, total sulfur dioxide, citric acid, density determine the value of quality. Below gave a Pasw stream for regression. Each by changing the independent variables value we can get value of dependent variable quality. With the help of a hypothesis we need to understand and build a relation ship among the variables. To predict the mean quality value for a given independent variable (say volatile acidity) we need a line which passes between the mean value of both quality and volatile acidity and which minimize the sum of distance between each of the points and predictive line. This fits into a line. The Poker Hand Data Set Each record is an example of a hand consisting of five playing cards drawn from a standard deck of 52. Each card is described using two attributes (suit and rank), for a total of 10 predictive attributes. There is one Class attribute that describes the Poker Hand. The order of cards is important and there are 480 possible Royal Flush hands. Below discussing about how to determine poker hands using data mining. I am considering classification only. If we consider clustering/Regression it does not make any sense PASW MODEL CLASSIFICATION USING CRT ALGORITHAM We got training and testing data set .First applying a model on training data set. Source file is a Comma separated file (CSV) with 1 million rows. It is difficult to do analyse on this input data set so selected sample data set and doing the analysis. Problem faced The given source data was not in a meaning full format so I have given meaningful attribute name and Values by using Vlookup function in MS excel, now the data has become more meaning full and it looks like below. Data cleansing is very important and comes under data preparation phase of the methodology Accuracy of predictive model The accuracy of predictive model is checked by analysis node. It has been found that accuracy is 90%. Using the Algorithm need to predict any of these: 0: Nothing in hand; 1: One pair;2: Two pairs;3: Three of a kind;4: Straight;5: Flush; 6: Full house;7: Four of a kind;8: Straight flush;9: Royal flush; Let me say what did I understood from the diagram. Rank2 (rank of card2) is most contributing variable to predict poker hands. It is clear that Rank of 1st, 4th and 2nd cards are more contributing than suit of those cards. The different section of pie chart represents number of cards in a particular poker category. Blue represents No Poker; Red represents ONE PAIR, Green represent Royal flesh How Pasw helps to do classification Pasw has got number tree constructing algorithms(CR, c5.0) to do classification. I considered Classification and Regression (CR) though this is not a time efficient algorithm time complexity is more when compared to c5.0)I selected CR.The data set I have got is simple one and I am not considering the deep analysis all I need to do is to predict poker hands so CR can do it. Below shows the constructed tree using CR (Ashort description of tree already given above) Analysis Data has been classified into Training set and Testing set .Here most of the data set into a training set and small portion of data is used for testing.After a model has been processed by using the Training set, we can test the model by making predictions against the Test set. Since the data in the training set already contains known values for the attribute that you want to predict. Below giving the portion of training set being used. Abstract Now-a-days Using the high power computing and information technology enables to collect store and process complex Marketing data. Data mining is used to extract knowledge from this marketing data. This report discuss about Data mining process, short discussion about different mining techniques such as classification tree, neural network, Regression and their application in marketing domain. My report Also cover different type of analyzes and tasks being used Introduction From the given topics I have selected the topic Data mining and Knowledge discovery for marketing since my cup of tea is Business and computing. I would always like to do research in Business analytics .Well let us look at what is data mining Data mining is the process of discovery of interesting, meaningful and actionable patterns hidden in large amounts of data . This is one of the tools to transform data into information. It is widely used in almost all fields of science and business profiling practice such as marketing, fraud detection, and scientific discovery. The technique to uncover pattern on data can also apply on sample data .so the sample data should be so the sample should be a good representative of larger data set. data mining can not find out the pattern which may be present in larger body of data and not contains in the small sub set of data. So this is very useful when sufficiently represented data are collected Most well known branches of data mining is knowledge discovery or KDD It derives knowledge from input data .This knowledge which have got from the process will become additional data and can be used for further discovery in related field normally an analyst can analysis and predict it.DM can generate thousands of pattern but all these patterns are not interested and useful. In this I am considering Data mining in a marketing field prospective. The data coming from different sources like transactions, loyalty cards, and discount coupons; customer complaint calls public life style studies using this data we can make Target marketing like n to identify appropriate customer segments for new marketing initiatives n determine customer purchasing pattern over time n associations/co-relations between product sales, predict based on such association I mean cross market analysis n what type of customer buys what type of product that is customer profilin n Predict likelihood of customer churn and target those likely to leave with retention campaigns n Customer requirement analysis like Identify the best products for different groups of customers and Predict what factors will attract new customers n Provision of summary information such as Multidimensional summary reports and Statistical summary information (data central tendency and variation) Another question is why can not we go for a traditional data analysis instead of data mining? Answer is the field like marketing has tremendous Amount of data and it has multi dimension and complexity.A Marketing firm would likely to segment their customers into similar groups or clusters in order to better understand consumer behavior and more effectively market their products. In the past for a small business initiatives did not have trouble to understand their customers. They knew what they have to do once a customer approach them .Todays business is more competitive, more customer oriented, more products oriented so it is very difficult to understand the customer behavior, wants, needs the hidden relation ship between the data and preferences. With the help of data mining an analyst can deliver timely, personalized promotional offers. Normally in the huge DWH data mining environment data coming from various sources integrated and put it in data warehousing. Various data mining soft wares like teradata intelligent miners are used to mine Tera bytes of data and find market prediction. As I mentioned the DM is a Tools for developing predictive and descriptive models. Some are statistical method such as regression. Other use non statistical method like neural networks, classification trees. Here I considered some important tools then their How Classification trees are being used in marketing data mining Classification tree partition the data to maximize the difference in the dependent variable. it is also called a decision tree. Aim of classification tree is to classify the data into distinct groups or branches that create the strongest separation in the values of the dependent variables.The tree can identify segments. This can be helpful when a company is trying to understand what is driving market behavior. It detects nonlinear relationship. The tree growth is through series of steps and rules .say for example sales pieces were mailed to 100000 names and yielded a response rate of 2.6%.the first split is on gender. This indicates that greatest difference between responders and non responders is gender. We see that males are much more responsive than females. We would consider males the better target group If we stop after one split. Our goal is to find out group with in both genders that discriminates between responders and non responders. In the next level split male and female groups are considered separately The second level split from the male node is on income, this implies that the income level varies in most between responders and non responders among the males. For female greatest difference is among the age group .It is very easy to identify the group with the highest response rate. Lets say that management decides to mail only to groups where the response rate is more than 3.5%.the offers would be directed to males who makes more than  £30000 a year and female over age 40 Some typical Classification tree Algorithms are 1) C4.5: Quinlan, J. R. C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufmann., 1993. 2) CART: L. Breiman, J. Friedman, R. Olshen, and C. Stone. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth, 1984 Linear regression and its applicability in marketing Knowledge of deviation from normal is very important for a marketer. In the past such deviations were very difficult to detect. Now-a-days data mining tools give great flexibility to detect and classify these changes. It is a statistical technique that quantifies the relationship between dependent variable and the independent variable, these are continuous. Consider the below equation, it shows a relation ship between sales and advertising along the regression equation .Our goal is to predict the sales based on the amount spend on advt. Plot a graph sales vs. advt that would be linear. A key measure of the strength of the relationship is the R-square. It measures the amount of overall variation in data that explained by the model. More than 70% Of the variation in sales can be explained by variation in advertising. Some times the relationship between sales and Advt is non linear (may be curvilinear) .By using the square root of advertising we are able to find better fit for the data. When building targeting models for marketing, risk and CRM, it is common to have much predictive variable. Using multiple predictive or independent continuous variables to predict a single continuous variable is called multiple linear regression .Targeting model created using linear regression is generally very robust. In marketing they can be used alone or in combination with other model. Neural Networks and its applicability in marketing Neural network does not follow any statistical distribution (Neural network is very vast topic a complete discussion is beyond the scope of this report) .it is modeled after the function of the human brain. The process is one of pattern recognition and error minimization. we can say it as nodes that are arranged in layers. The figure tells simple neural network with one hidden layer. Data has been classified into training and testing set (before the process).Then weight or input is assigned to each of the nodes in the first layer. During each iteration ,the input are processed through the system and compared to the actual value .the error is measured and fed back through the system to adjust the weights. The weights get better at predicting the actual results. A error limit is defined and it check with the error limit the process finishes when the minimum error limit reached One specific type of neural network commonly used in marketing uses sigmoidal functions to fit each node. This technique is very powerful in fitting a binary or twoilevel outcome such as response to an offer or a default on a loan Neural network not only pick linear data but also do a good pick up with non linear relation ship in the data. So this allows fitting data which is not possible to fit using regression. One disadvantage we can say that the result of neural net work is some what difficult to interpret A brief description on how Clustering can applicable in data mining Cluster analysis Cluster analysis group respondents with similar behaviors, preferences, or characteristics into segments. By doing so we can understand important similarities and differences between the respondents. Analyst can use this information to develop targeted marketing strategies, or to provide subgroups for analysis. In market survey data, clustering enables market researchers to group respondents who provide similar responses on several questions. In Clustering we use more than one variable that analyzes responses to several questions in order to find similar respondents. Clustering is based on the concept of creating groups based on their proximity to, or distance from, each other. Respondents within a cluster, therefore, are relatively homogenous. Most widely used Algorithms are 1)K-Means: MacQueen, J. B., Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations, in Proc. 5th Berkeley Symp. Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1967 2) BIRCH: Zhang, T., Ramakrishna, R., and Livny, M. 1996. BIRCH: an efficient data clustering method for very large databases. In SIGMOD 96 Let us look at some more major areas of application of data mining in the marketing like Customer profiling, Deviation analysis and Trend analysis. The pattern which formed after mining the data helps in analytics.M Customer profiling This help to predict several marketing decision. A customer profile is a model of customer based on this marketer decides on the right strategies and tactics to meet the needs of that customer .The data mining task used in customer profiling can be dependency analysis, class identification and concept description. Below giving set of transaction that can help marketer to construct useful customer profiles. Frequency of purchases Marketing firm can build targeted promotion offer such as frequent buyer programs by looking how often their customer purchases product from their shop. Rcency of purchases The meaning of term is How long has it been since this customer last placed an order? Suppose a customer frequently visit the shop.It has been found that the specific customer or customer group not visiting the firm over long period of time .Market investigate the reason. By knowing this they can take appropriate offer or action. Size of purchases It tells, on a particular transaction how much he or she spends. This information helps to give resources to those customer groups. Identifying typical customer groups It gives characteristics of each group .For example a profile indicating that the customer has purchased a WINDOWS 7 SOFTWARE CD may hold to the marketer offering a special deal for MICROSOFT OFFICE SOFTWARE CD. Prospecting Customer profiles like buying patterns, give clues to the marketer on prospective customers. Say for example, consider the pattern Purchase of Norton Anti Virus package with one year validity is followed by purchase of Norton Up gradation version /or new version within 11 months about 85% of the time by high income customers discovered by data mining. Analyst who analysis pattern can identify the prospective customers for Upgraded/new version based on first time purchase details and tailor the mail catalog accordingly, thus, increasing the prospect of sales. 2 Deviation analysis Deviation analysis is one of the important analysis for example a higher than normal credit purchase on a credit card can be a fraud anomaly or a genuine purchase by the customer changes.Once a deviation has been discovered as a fraud, the marketer takes appropriate steps to prevent such frauds and initiates corrective action.If the deviation has been discovered as a change, further information collection is necessary. For example, a change can be that a customer got a new job and moved to a new house. In this case, the marketer has to update the knowledge about the customer. 3) Trend analysis Trends are patterns that persist over a period of time. Trends could be short-term trends like the immediate increase and subsequent slow decrease of sales following a sales campaign. Or, trends could be long-term, like the slow flattening of sales of a product over a few years. Data mining tools, such as visualization, help us detect trends, sometimes very subtle and hidden in the database, which would have been missed using traditional analysis tools like scatter plots. In marketing decisions, trends can be used for evaluating marketing programs or to forecast future sales. The market basket analysis gives the relationship between different product purchased by a customer .Using this techniques we can develop marketing strategy for promoting product that have dependency relationship in customers mind. Class identification It groups customers into classes which are defined in advance. Mathematical taxonomy and clustering are being used for class identification task. What the first one does is it maximizes the similarity with in classes but minimize similarity between classes. In clustering approach it determine the clustering according to attribute similarity as well as conceptual cohesiveness as defined by domain knowledge (describe above). A company doing business over the net, based on the session log data of internet users, the firm can classify the web users into email only users Surfers or Just for fun Surfer etc This kind of softwares allows the market research team or concerned people to view complex 3-D and 2-D patterns. They also provide drill down drill up slice facilities. In the KDD (knowledge discovery from data base) process, data visualization is used in association with other tasks such as dependency analysis, class identification, deviation detection and clustering. IBM SPSS PASW has got good data visualization techniques. Some of them are explained in Part 1 of the report. Conclusion Report discussed about Data mining process, short discussion about different mining techniques such as classification tree, neural network, Regression and their application in marketing domain. My report Also cover different type of analyzes and tasks being used. Most of the big firms in the UK already implemented data mining environment for their business analytics. Some disadvantages may be difficulty to find out data mining expert and building the environment is costly. With regards to data mining privacy is another issue organization are most concerned about.